Symptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia - 1238 Words

The population of the world has to be at least over 7 billion. There also has to be millions of people in the world, whose lives are affected by something psychological. From diseases, disorders, phobias and more. Neurological diseases affect the brain and the behaviors of people diagnosed with them. Although there are many neurological diseases, schizophrenia is one of them. Schizophrenia is one of the more known disorders in the psychological world. Throughout this paper the following questions are answered: what is schizophrenia, what are the causes of schizophrenia, what are some of the types of schizophrenia, and what are the treatment options for those who are diagnosed with schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a disabling disorder†¦show more content†¦There are a few types of schizophrenia disorders.For example Paranoid, disorganized, and schizoaffective. (Bengston, 2015.) Schizophrenia has a lot of known and unknown causes. Scientist believes that genetics and environment are the most recognized causes of schizophrenia (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2014). Other causes of schizophrenia could be that people who are diagnosed with schizophrenia have a chemical imbalance. Chemical imbalances can affect the way a person reacts to certain stimuli. For example reactions can differentiate from stimuli such as the senses: sound, taste, smell, and sight (Mental Health America, 2013). The symptoms of schizophrenia can range from positive to negative symptoms. Positives symptoms are called positive because the symptoms are things that are added to the patient s personality. Some positive symptoms of schizophrenia are as follows: delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking and speech. Negative symptoms would be things that are lost in a patient’s personality. Some negative symptoms of schizophrenia are as followed: social withdrawal, emotionless responses to stimuli, and lack of ambition and drive (Mental Health America, 2013). The word paranoid means when a person is overcautious about their surroundings. Paranoid schizophrenia is one of the most common forms. People who are diagnosed with paranoid

Capitalism And Socialism And Capitalism - 1952 Words

For more than a century capitalism and socialism have been contending to be the best economic system. Socialism is a political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry that is controlled by private owners for profit. Capitalism is the heart and soul of America s economy. A capitalist economy can take a person from rags to riches or from riches to rags depending on the path that is taken by one’s free will. This concept has made many American citizens wonder if the capitalist path the path worth taking. There have been radicals throughout the history of the U.S. who were not satisfied by the capitalist system as well as its ideals. One of those radicals, Huey Long, a Democratic populist who was a senator of Louisiana from 1932-1935, gave a speech entit led â€Å"Share Our Wealth† on February 23, 1934. The speech supported the ideals of socialism by suggesting equal distribution of wealth throughout the nation. Socialism may have its perks but capitalism is the best path to take since capitalism provides society with more benefits through economic competition, prosperity, and a moral system that promotes self interest. After World War I ended on November 11, 1918, American capitalism started to change, especially when capitalism hit an economic climax duringShow MoreRelatedSocialism And The Second Is Capitalism922 Words   |  4 Pagesgoing to talk about socialism and the second is capitalism. Socialism is a government run by the public rather than by private individuals. Thus, in a socialistic country, the common public owns the factors of production and makes economic decisions. Therefore individuals do not work alone, but together. Everyone in the community contributes to one another. Socialism came into being due to the success of capitalism. Socialism is the complete opposite of capitalism. Socialism believes in everyoneRead MoreSocialism : Socialism Vs. Capitalism1156 Words   |  5 PagesEric Butterbaugh Mrs. Penwell English Composition November 8, 2015 Socialism V. Capitalism In the past the word Socialism or Socialist has been used with a negative connotation but recently with the rise of Senator Bernie Sander, Independent from Vermont, running for the Democratic Nomination for President of the United States of America, it has became a positive word that many people are finding themselves agreeing with and flocking to see a Socialist speak about economic and social problemsRead MoreCapitalism Vs. Socialism And Socialism868 Words   |  4 PagesCapitalism vs Socialism Capitalism and socialism have been two school of thoughts in economics that have opposing factors, and there have been a lot of criticisms and comparison on which economy is better in terms of economic equality, and the role that the government plays in the society. In most situations, a society with a better economic opportunities and choices, with more technological advancement and private owned businesses would be a better option to a society that is collectively ownedRead MoreComparing Capitalism and Socialism730 Words   |  3 Pageswe have in the world today are socialism and capitalism. In this text, I will in addition to comparing and contrasting socialism and capitalism also discuss the shortcomings of these two economic systems. Further, amongst other things, I will highlight the overlaps between the two. Capitalism vs. Socialism In seeking to highlight the key differences between socialism and capitalism, it would be prudent to first offer a concise definition of the two terms. Capitalism in the words of Brinkerhoff,Read MoreThe Socialism And Capitalism Of Society1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, we will look at both socialism and capitalism. These are both very broad topics so not every aspect of each will be covered. We will, though, try to achieve a basic understanding of both of the systems. We will see how they differ and how they are similar. The term socialism was brought onto the world scene in the 1830s. It was first used to describe the doctrines of Charles Fourier, Henri De Saint-Simon, and Robert Owen (Dagger).These men believed that society should be organizedRead MoreCapitalism versus Socialism1651 Words   |  7 PagesCapitalism versus socialism It is much better to live in a country where difference between poor and rich is noticeable, than to know that a person will never differ from others in his or her own country. My essay will be based on the following the definition, characteristics’, types of capitalism and socialism, features, socialism as alternative to capitalism and social change and economic development. What is capitalism? Capitalism is an economic and political system in which all means of productionRead MoreCapitalism vs Socialism1746 Words   |  7 PagesOutline: Essay question: What is the best policy for any country: capitalism or socialism? Introduction: Thesis statement: It is much better to live in the country where the gap between poor and rich people is sharply noticeable, than to know that a person will never differ from the mass of people or feel a real freedom in his/her own country. Body: A. Capitalistic policy gives an equal opportunity to everyone to become a wealthy person. * Person can have his own business and developRead MoreThe Notions Of Capitalism And Socialism773 Words   |  4 Pages a. What is your understanding of the notions of capitalism and socialism? Capitalism and socialism are opposing schools of thought in economics and the role of government. Socialists believe economic inequality is bad for society, and the government is responsible for reducing it via programs that benefit the poor (e.g., free public education, free or subsidized healthcare, social security for the elderly, higher taxes on the rich). On the other hand, capitalists believe that the government doesRead MoreCapitalism versus Socialism 509 Words   |  2 PagesCapitalism is a social system based on the principle of individual rights. It is the system of laissez-faire (freedom). In regards to the legal system, capitalism embodies the rule of law as opposed to rule of man. From an economic standpoint, the free-market system exists. Socialism is common ownership. The world’s resources are owned in common by the entire global population. With Democratic control is essential in the meaning of socialism. Everyone has the right to participate in social decisio nsRead MoreCommunism, Capitalism, and Socialism Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesThree different types of economic systems used by governments are Communism, Capitalism, and Socialism. Each type of system is unique in different ways. Each has distinct aspects that make it what it is. In communism, the government runs everything and there are no social classes. The government in capitalism doesn’t interfere with any businesses and lets the citizens own and operate them. Socialism is basically a mixture of the two economic systems. The government runs certain businesses,

Comprehensive Analysis on the Indian Tire Market Free Essays

Comprehensive Analysis on the Indian Tire Market Bharatbook. com announces a new report on â€Å"India Tire Market Outlook, 2018† which gives the latest trends and major companies are present in the tire market in India. India Tire Market Outlook, 2018 The market value of India tire market is projected to at grow at CAGR of 18% during the period 2013-2018. We will write a custom essay sample on Comprehensive Analysis on the Indian Tire Market or any similar topic only for you Order Now This would make the total worth of tire market to reach at US $ 22. 38 Billion by the end of 2018. The passenger vehicle tire segment will continue its dominance while commercial vehicle tire segment would increase steadily and exemplifies good growth in future. MRF is the market leader in terms of revenue share followed by Apollo JK tyres. BKT is the leader in OTR segment and leads the export market of India. More than 90% of BKT tyre are export across the 120 countries. http://www. bharatbook. com/automotive-components-market-research-reports/india-tire-market-outlook-2018. html India Tire Market Outlook, 2018 is a complete analysis of the Tire industry in India. The past data for both the passenger and commercial vehicle tire segments is included in this report while the forecast up to 2018 has been done by each segment and sub-segments. The share of different region and the different companies as well as the latest trends which are making an impact on the market have been complied in this report. We have also profiled major companies which are present in the different segments of tire market in India. Grootte Exclusive -Past Years Data: Market Size (Sales Volume and Revenue) -Market Segmentation: On the Basis of Companies’ Share Regional Sales -Demand Forecast For Next Five Years -Complete Coverage Of Regulatory Framework Covered Extensive Distribution Channel -Profile of Major Tire Manufacturers -Latest Trends -Critical Success Factors -Analysis Of Raw Material Utilised In Tire -Production -Industry Risk Scorecard Key chapters of the report : 1. Report Synopsis 2. Global Tire Market Overview 2. 1. Market Value 2. 2. Market Volume 2. 3. Market Segmentation by Companies 2. 4. Market Segmentation by Region 2. 5. Market Segmentation by Category 2. 6. Global Replacement Tire Overview 3. India Tire Market Overvie w 3. 1. India Tire Production   †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ For more information kindly visit : http://www. bharatbook. com/automotive-components-market-research-reports/india-tire-market-outlook-2018. html Or Contact us at : Bharat Book Bureau Tel: +91 22 27810772 / 27810773 Toll Free No for USA/Canada : 1-866-279-8368 Email: info@bharatbook. com Website: www. bharatbook. com Follow us on twitter: https://twitter. com/researchbook Follow us on linkedin : http://www. linkedin. com/company/bharat-book-bureau   Our Blog : http://blog. bharatbook. com/ ire,automotive,Market Research Reports,market forecast Bharat Book Bureau, the leading market research information aggregator provides market research reports, company profiles, country reports, newsletters, and online databases for the past twenty four years to corporate, consulting firms, academic institutions, government departments, agencies etc. , globally, including India. Our market research reports help global companies to know different market be fore starting up business / expanding in different countries across the world. How to cite Comprehensive Analysis on the Indian Tire Market, Papers

HSC Environment Health-Summary

Question: Describe about the HSC for Environment Health-Summary. Answer: The chosen article in this essay is the food crisis across Africa. In southern Malawi, the celebration starts at the time of harvesting. Unfortunately, from last week, they have nothing to celebrate as they had picked their little maize crop. The last year's drought along with erratic rains entered into the Nkhotakota village. But there is no view of even rain ion this year also. The stores of grains in the families are getting empty. If the families over there manage to eat a small portion of meal in a day, then also they will be left out with food for two more months (Robertson Hansen, 2015). The Irish charity Concern has commented that more than ten thousand families are running out of the food. There is no chance of harvesting at least for seven months. They are left out with no money, and they don't have anything to sell. The children are getting admitted to the hospital due to malnutrition. This crisis has appeared due to the El Nino weather event, which hit Latin America, much of India, and parts of Southeast Asia since 1982. But the worst situation with warm water in equatorial Pacific is observed in southern Africa. United Nations is shocked from this situation. More than 7.9m tonnes of food and $650m are needed to save this critical condition. Swaziland, Angola, Madagascar, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Malawi have already declared national emergency. The Even situation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Botswana is very critical. President Robert Mugabe has requested to buy $ 1.5 bn food for Malawi and Zimbabwe. As more than 8 million people are in food crisis over there (Peakall Shugart, 2013). At present 31 million people are in need of food which is expected to increase to 49 million by Christmas. It is tough to feed these many people as there is no guarantee of money or food supply. 50 markets are getting monitored for this. But the rate of the food is very high. Only nearby Zambia has the better harvest to share. But by the time food will reach to the point, the situation will be worst. The International countries are coming together for help. According to International Development Minister, Britain will take the leadership in this help. The support will not be provided by money, as there is the high chance of corruption. So the support will be provided through food-for-work schemes, medical aid, and food vouchers, etc. (Nieuwenhuijsen, 2015). According to the researchers, it is estimated that the situation will be deteriorated by April 2017. According to WMO, it is also estimated that there is 50:50 chance of hitting by La Nina, the twin of El Nino. It is developing in the Pacific Ocean right after El Nino. Contractually, heavier monsoon can come due to La Nina. Now the people are suffering due to extreme drought condition (Brown, 2013). In future, one point will come when people suffer from the severe flood condition. References: Brown, P. (2013).Toxic exposures: contested illnesses and the environmental health movement. Columbia University Press. Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2015).Exposure Assessment in Environmental Epidemiology. Oxford University Press, USA. Peakall, D. B., Shugart, L. R. (Eds.). (2013).Biomarkers: research and application in the assessment of environmental health(Vol. 68). Springer Science Business Media. Robertson, L. W., Hansen, L. G. (Eds.). (2015).PCBs: recent advances in environmental toxicology and health effects. University Press of Kentucky.

A Modernization of Machiavellis The Prince essays

A Modernization of Machiavellis The Prince essays Machiavelli's The Prince has long been used and studied as a manual for those who are already in power or for those who wish to have power. Through rational thinking about political power, Machiavelli is the authoritative source on how one should lead and govern. To illustrate his points, Machiavelli uses many examples of leadership from his life and some from history before 1469. To many readers however these examples are not of relevance anymore because the examples are so dated. To bring the influence back into The Prince, we must put the work into a more modern context. In chapter 16, Machiavelli debates on whether it is better to be liberal or stingy in governing. In a leader both of these traits can be either beneficial or detrimental to leadership. Liberalism, if stopped, can cause those who one governs to believe that they are now stingy. Liberality is most dangerous for those already in power. The French Revolution, some would argue, started because of this scenario. When the French government got into outstanding debt the aristocracy turned to the people to bail them out. When the people were reluctant to this agreement with the noble classes, the middle class pleaded its case for economic reforms to help the government. When their requests were met, the people revolted. People live in the present and do not look to the past very well. Machiavelli concludes that leaders must start out stingy and work their liberality to their advantage. One who is seen as stingy on moment can make one gesture and be thought liberal and gain presti ge from those they govern. In chapter 17 of The Prince, the discussion revolves around whether it is better to be feared or loved as a leader. Although all princes should strive for both, Machiavelli concludes that it is much better to be feared than loved. Many countries today use fear to control their population and rule effectively. Iraq's current dictator, Saddam Hussei ...

Why Therell Never Be a Perfect Time to Write

Why Therell Never Be a Perfect Time to Write Why There’ll Never Be a Perfect Time to Write Why There’ll Never Be a Perfect Time to Write By Ali Hale One day, you’re going to write that novel that’s been tugging at your sleeve. One day, you’re going to start posting regularly on your blog. One day, you’re going to finish that ebook you started. One day Trust me, I know how you feel. For years, I wanted to be a writer, but I didn’t actually write. I had lots of ideas and dreams, but they never made it out of my head and onto the page. Why? Because I was waiting for the perfect time. I thought that I’d suddenly, magically, find myself inspired. Great chunks of free time would materialise from nowhere, without any effort on my part. Guess what? It never happened. If you’re struggling to find the time (and energy) to sit down and write, then take heart. You’re not alone – in fact, â€Å"finding time to write† is the most common issue that I’m asked about when I’m coaching writers. Here’s why there’ll never be a perfect time: #1: Writing is a High-Resistance Activity I’ve been writing for a living for three years (I’ve completed a novel in that time too), and I still find myself reluctant to get going when I sit down to write. Writing isn’t easy. It takes mental energy – and often emotional energy, too. For most of us, the writing process is also a thinking process: for instance, if you’re putting together a â€Å"Hire Me† page for your blog, you’ll have to get completely clear about what exactly you offer, what you charge, and so on. There are an awful lot of activities that feel much easier than writing. Doing the housework. â€Å"Networking† on Twitter. Making a coffee. Sure, you’ll have the occasional day when you’re filled with inspiration and you can’t wait to get to the keyboard. But those days are pretty rare. #2: Writing Requires Concentration and Privacy Finding the perfect time to write isn’t the only issue at hand. You might also need to find a good place. It’s very tough to write if you’re sitting on a sofa with your laptop while the television’s on and housemates or family members are chatting. I personally find it almost impossible to write at all if anyone can see my screen (even if they’re not deliberately watching) – and I know that a lot of writers feel the same way. To feel secure enough to write, you need a certain amount of privacy. The perfect place isn’t going to appear from nowhere. You might hold out hopes for a magical day when your family do the chores, clear off to the park and leave you in peace to write but is that really going to happen? #3: Writing Is Important but (Usually) Not Urgent Your writing is important – even if no-one else seems to think so. If you get that novel finished, it could be the first step on a lucrative new career. If you write regularly on your blog, you’ll establish a strong online platform. And if you finish that ebook, you’ll have something to sell to your blog’s readers. Beyond that, your writing is important because it’s part of who you are. I’d hazard a guess that you’re happy when you manage to write – and dissatisfied when weeks or months go by without any writing. The problem is, â€Å"write novel† probably isn’t the most urgent thing on your to-do list. Less significant but more time-pressing tasks – like doing the chores, or fulfilling commitments that you’ve taken on – are pushing writing down and down the list. So What Can You Do? Stop waiting for the perfect time. Instead, make a commitment to find two hours during the next week when you can write. There are 168 hours in a week – you can take two of those to do something that really matters to you. Perhaps they won’t be the perfect time – but they’ll be far better than nothing. Good luck with your writing! Ali Hale is a writing coach and founder of our Freelance Writing Course. If you’d like some help finding time to write, she has a free mini-ebook How to Find Time For Your Writing, available when you join her newsletter list. (You’ll also get weekly writing tips and encouragement and occasional extra free ebooks – all straight to your inbox, all completely free.) You can find out more about the newsletter, and sign up, here. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageWork of Art Titles8 Great Podcasts for Writers and Book Authors

Persuasion techniques used in Jesus Camp film Essay

Persuasion techniques used in Jesus Camp film - Essay Example The persuasive techniques used in the film George W. Bush seems to be the icon for the children in this movie. A life size cardboard cutout is displayed in front of them, a waving American flag graphic projected behind it reads, â€Å"Here’s President Bush, come to visit us†¦!†Ã¢â‚¬  The children come forward and pay respect to him, touch the cutout and one could see the charged emotions on their innocent countenances. After providing such a backdrop, the children are asked to pray and profound vocabulary of Christianity pours out, like flesh and blood, principalities and powers, rulers of the darkness in this world, spiritual wickedness etc. Do the children really understand what they are being taught? Not one of them perhaps, but their minds is being polluted and they develop deep grudge against something which they do not know precisely. They begin to hate that which ‘not Christian’ according to the new values taught to them in Jesus Camp. In a sce ne, children dance to the accompaniment of Christian Heavy Metal music, in strangely painted faces brandishing sticks and thrusting them to an imaginary enemy and shouting â€Å"War! Warfare!† The girl participants in the dance wear black. The Jesus Camp is against abortion. Good, but it is taught, as if through a system drawn through the prison manual. The mouths of the children are shut with a red duct tape with the inscription LIFE. Those running this movement of Christianity are not apologetic about their intensions and speak with deep convictions. They are on the mission to form a generation of "Conservative Christian Republicans." Another ‘highlight’ of the camp is all children, irrespective of their age, are taught the same Christian principles. A toddler and a teen are given the message, whether it suits their mind set or not, without applying any thought about the dangerous consequences as to what imprint it may leave on the tender minds. The words Satan and Sprit are often used and the children are made to believe that a horrifying evil monster continues to stand at their back to watch their actions. Any deviations in following the issues that are taught in the class, any lethargy, would destroy them! What could be the finished product, of the children who entered the camp as innocents, their mind fresh as the flower in bloom? Trauma is their bonus! How can their mind process such hard messages? The trans-inducing methods must have done irreparable damage to their life, which is difficult to erase. Most of the children look physically tired and emotionally exhausted, their eyes drained due to excessive tears they shed, and at the subconscious level, poisonous seeds are planted through the vicious lessons of Jesus Camp that will grow into saplings and will ultimately yield poisonous fruits. The mind-set of one such ‘finished product’ of this move, Levi, by name indicates the line of thinking of the future generation th e movie will sure to produce. At one stage of the movie, he clearly expresses his hatred for the non-Christians in equivocal terms. He is led to believe that everything about non-Christians is bad. This camp has shut the doors for the real Jesus. His teachings are abandoned in this class and some political figures are chiseled out of the personalities of the youngsters. They are taught about the dangers to Christianity and America, which in reality are not there! This indeed is the manufacturing unit of human bombs that will leave far-reaching consequences to destroy the society. 2. My opinion of the appropriateness of the techniques Religion is good; â€Å"religionism† is bad. Fundamentalism in the practice of any religion is the worst thing that can happen to humankind. It is a double tragedy—for the individual personality and for the culture of the Nation as a whole. As for Christianity, when the religious leaders give more importance to the cross on the neck than C hrist in the heart, the fertile field of true religion begins to rot. Jesus Camp (Heidi

Data Collection Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Data Collection Proposal - Essay Example (2006). The difference between primary and secondary sources of data is crucial in social research. Primary sources are data which are unpublished; that is, the researcher has gathered them directly from the target individuals or organization. Primary data include data from fieldwork, interviews, and unpublished documents like minutes of meetings. On the other hand, secondary data are any data which a researcher has gathered that have been published before. Secondary data include previously published books, journal articles, and newspaper articles. Mixed method that includes qualitative and quantitative data will be used in this research. Qualitative data will used determine if Bariatric surgery put patient at long term risk and complications of weight. Quantitative data will be used in determining the number of patients who responded differently when put under Bariatric surgery. Primary data will be collected from healthcare providers with information on new devices, drugs, delivery systems, and software for managing patients who have undergone Bariatric surgery. All the legal and ethical issues were taken into consideration as stipulated by law. 50 patients who had undergone Bariatric surgery will be randomly sampled from the information provided by the healthcare providers. This will provide a sufficiently large but feasible number to use in the analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis will be used to analyze the data. This will help in explaining how the data look, (by giving the minimum and maximum values), the what the centre point of the data is (by giving the mean), and how spread out the data may be related to one of more aspects (by giving the standard

International Business To Business Marketing Essay

International Business To Business Marketing - Essay Example This may be summarised by the observation that the behaviour of a complex system cannot be understood completely by the segregated analysis of its constituent parts. However, Beverland (2002) suggested the use of this idea in regard to supply chains is neither consistent nor straightforward. New also argued that the supply chain metaphor is used in many ways, but three meanings dominate discussion: "supply chain" from the perspective of an individual firm; "supply chain" related to a particular product or item (such as the supply chain for beef, or cocaine, or oil); and "supply chain" used as a handy synonym for purchasing, distribution, and materials management (Larson, 1998). Supply chain management can mean any one of these things, but one aspect is certain: Purchasing and/or outsourcing activity is being undertaken (Barkema, 1997). Beverland (2002) suggested that supply chain management is an integrative philosophy used to manage the total flow through a distribution channel from the supplier to the ultimate user. Another definition is the management of a chain or of operations and centres through which supplies move from the source of supply to the final customer or point of use (Chng, 2000). In essence, the supply chain starts with the extraction of raw material (or origination of raw concepts for services), and each link in the chain processes the material or the concept in some way or supports this processing. The supply chain thus extends from the raw material extraction or raw concept origination through many processes to the ultimate sale of the final product, whether goods or services, to the consumer. Internet and Supply Chain Management Many organizations, often too late, are now realizing that they should have paid as much attention to their internal business processes, their orderfulfilment resources and systems, and the integration of those processes and systems with those of their suppliers of goods and order-fulfilment services, as they did to their customer-facing Web site. The need is for a seamless end-toend 'order to cash' process incorporating the Web site, the business' accounting systems and the delivery mechanism. The accounting needs should embrace, as a minimum, accounts payable, accounts receivable, inventory, purchase orders, invoicing and credit control. (Johnson, 2002) The delivery mechanisms in many organizations cannot cope, when Internet trading is added to the traditional market offering, with the requirement for a large number of small orders requiring, to all intents and purposes, instant shipping. They may have historically been shipping relatively large orders to a few intermediate supply chain points on a two to three day lead time basis. (Chopra, 2003)The

The Fall Of The Flying Bank Management Essay

The Fall Of The Flying Bank Management Essay Schweizerische Luftverkehrs AG, also known as Swissair or SAir Group was founded on March 26, 1931 in Switzerland. Since the very beginning of its era, Swissair has been very successful in managing and implementing its strategies, and also winning the best airline award for decades. The company had a period of growth (Appendix 1) and grew rapidly till the mid 90s, after which there was an executive board members restructuring which caused a major turn of events in the companys history. Switzerland being an expensive destination for a business venture with rising costs and a population of only 7 million people, Swissair was aware of its limited growth potential in the domestic home market. Therefore during the period of mid 90s, Swissair adopted an equity based alliance strategy, also referred as the hunter strategy. The main aim of Swissair was to create an alliance with Europes other non-dominant airline firms and become efficient enough to compete with other stronger alliances. Thi s alliance was called Qualiflier. To make the alliance successful, Swissair bought small stakes in Air Littoral, Air Europe, Volare Group, LTU, AOM Minerve, LOT, South African Airways, TAP and Air Liberte, operating in Austria, Hungary, Finland, Ireland, Africa and many more. The biggest and worst investment decision made by Swissair in that period was buying equity in a Belgium carrier called Sabena. Sabena had posted a profit only twice in the entire companys history. These were bad investment decisions as all the firms except LOT and South African airlines posted a loss in the year of their acquisition, nor were they dominant players in their home markets. In this report, these failed strategic alliances are analyzed using Lasserres (2007) framework and theoretical models. Recommendations are made based on these findings, to illustrate how Swiss Air could have avoided bankruptcy. Contents Introduction The concept of two or more companies collaborating for mutual benefits through the formation of a strategic alliance has become more lucrative over the years and several airline companies have adopted this expansion strategy to gain a competitive advantage in a highly saturated market (Evans, 2001). Swiss Air was one of the companies that fell prey to the perils of risk laden strategic alliances. In the mid 1990s the European Aviation market was deregulated and various airlines began entering into strategic alliances so that they could facilitate growth by sharing their resources (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). Around the same time, a majority of the Swiss population voted against Switzerlands accession to the EEA (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This hindered the companies objective to expand and grow in the European market, and led to the formation of an equity based alliance strategy, also dubbed as the Hunter Strategy (Suen, 2002). Swiss Air had always been a company that was averse to risky st rategic choices, however in the course of diversifying their risk, the company made some questionable strategic decisions that increased their risk and made them more vulnerable to their investments financial performance (Suen, 2002). In this report Swiss Airs failed strategic alliances are analyzed and the key factors for the cause of failure are identified. These factors are highlighted by financial and performance data that helps us understand the major cause of Swiss Airs downfall. Various management issues coupled with bad investment decisions led to the failure of companies strategic alliances, however there were a few external factors that catalyzed the collapse of the Flying Bank (Evans, 2001). Based on the faults and errors committed by Swiss Air, few recommendations are listed in the report to underline what kind of strategic approach could have aided the company to successfully form a Global Reach Alliance (Lasserre, 2007). Problem Identification During the period of deregulation of the airline industry in Europe, major airlines were looking to form strategic alliances with various airlines in order to share their resources and capabilities, in the process gaining a competitive edge in the market. Swiss Air was one of the airlines that boasted the healthiest bank balance and was renowned for its safety and reliability (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). On December 1992 Swiss Air received an unexpected blow as 50.3 percent of the Swiss population voted against the inclusion of Switzerland in the European Economic Union (Chang and Williams, 2002). Due to the comparatively small population of Switzerland and low scope for growth, Swiss Air shifted its focus to Europe, with a strategic aim of holding 20 percent market share (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This objective was to be achieved by using the Hunter Strategy, an equity based strategy developed by McKinsey (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This would allow Swiss Air to purchase equity stakes in sm aller and less known carriers and create an independent alliance with these companies. This would help the company compete with some of the larger alliances dominant in the European market. The three generic strategies for airlines are growth, focus and low cost strategy (Kleymann and Seristo, 2004). According to strategic context and value potential this new growth strategy was not incorrect, however the implementation of the strategy was flawed (Suen, 2002). Using Philippe Lasserres (2007) framework for analysis we can identify the stage at which Swiss Air faced a roadblock and had to declare bankruptcy. After the failure of its early alliances, European Quality, Global Excellence and Atlantic Excellence, Swiss Air learnt from its mistakes and decided that deeper integration along with ownerships and control would provide them with natural exit barriers (Suen, 2002). The Hunter Strategy led to the creation of Qualiflyer, a European based alliance consisting of carriers like Austrian, Sabena, AOM France, Crossair, Lauda Air, TAP Portugal, and THY Turkish Airlines (Appendix 3) (Suen, 2002). Qualiflyer would provide Swiss Air the global reach and transnational flexibility that a global carrier required to remain competitive in the market (Bartlett and Ghoshal, 1989). The competitive forces and prevalent factors in the industry pressurized Swiss Air to form a group alliance with these carriers. Swiss Airs major flaw in the implementation of this strategy was their failure to assess the strategic value of these equity-based alliances (Lasserre, 2007). The failure to create and capture value through an alliance is illustrated in Swiss Airs purchase of 49.5 percent equity stake in the Belgian airline Sabena, which was later increased to 85 percent. This equity-based investment was done knowing that they were breaching European laws that stated that a non-EU-based investor couldnt acquire more than 49.5 per cent share in a EU-based airline. Not only did they breach the law, they also agreed to compensate the Belgian Government for any damages they incur (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This equity-based alliance was the worst as Sabena had always been a loss-incurring airline and it proved to be a major liability to Swiss Air. Qualiflyer operated on a hub-and-spoke system, which meant that there were no bilateral agreements in the alliance and all members were required to contract any of their services to a Swiss Air, owned subsidiary. This in turn greatly increased the cost of an exit strategy as Swiss Air needed to inject large sums of capital into its financially weak partners in order to ensure Qualiflyer could create value (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). Apart from the implementation of the Hunter Strategy, there were a few fundamental flaws that led to the termination of Qualiflyer. This alliance damaged the companys brand image by primarily choosing second and third-rate carriers as partners. These carriers had previously been avoided by the other large alliances due to their inability to turn a profit (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). The September 2001 attack in USA was the nail in the coffin for Swiss Air as it marked a period of hardship for all airlines, leading to great losses in revenue. Swiss Airs unsuccessful alliance strategy was the main cause for the companys downfall, however there were certain external factors that made survival for the company extremely difficult (Suen, 2002). The Swiss vote against joining the EEA was the factor that led to the formulation of the hunter strategy. Strategic Recommendations Swiss Airs catastrophic downfall tarnished the image of their brand, led to the loss of thousands of jobs; stranded hundreds of people at airport and most importantly hurt the pride of the Swiss People (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). A string of bad business decisions coupled with external factors in the airline industry caused Swiss Air to lose their cash flow. In order to determine how such a crisis could have been avoided, Lasserres (2007) framework for analysis of strategic alliances will be applied. After identifying the companys strategic and operational issues, it can be determined that they went wrong on most stages of the framework. The Hunters Strategy would have succeeded in the strategic context if they had assessed the value potential of this alliance (Hayes, 1996). The Qualiflyer Alliance was fundamentally a coalition alliance, where Swiss Air would get a more global reach in the industry by combining the members resources and capabilities. Swiss Air strived to create a certain standard of service for its passengers that would inculcate their values of punctuality, safety and luxury (Lasserre, 2007). However this was not possible, as they had chosen second and third-grade carriers, which in turn affected their own brand image. They should have carefully chosen their partners, using certain tools to ensure success. This is discussed in detail later in the report. Subsequently, they failed to challenge any of the larger alliances in Europe at that point in time. This takes us to the second factor in the framework, which deals with partners fit (Lasserre, 2007). This stage in the framework evaluates the viability of the strategic alliance. As stated earlier in the report, Sabena was a loss-making airline in the start and by choosing to purchase 49 .5 percent equity in the company Swiss Air made one of their worst financial investments. Year after year, Sabena kept incurring a loss, which drained a lot of capital from Swiss Air (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). It can be determined that Sabena was not a good strategic fit for Swiss Air and proves that they should have conducted an effective partner analysis (Lasserre, 2007). Swiss Air chose to enter into equity-based alliances with several carriers so they had a certain degree of control (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). In order to distribute and diversify their risk, they ventured into several other fields such as hotels, catering and aircraft maintenance (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). All in all they had around 252 subsidiaries (Appendix 2) under their companys name (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). The various subsidiaries and financially weak partners drained a lot of their capital reserves, which eventually led to a strain on their cash flow. A much leaner organizational structure would have assisted the effective management of resources and capital. The final factor in Lasseres (2007) framework deals with the implementation of the strategy. This is where the company faltered the most and part of the blame can be put on their current board members managerial decisions at that time (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). A lot of their bad investment decisions could have been avoided if the board consisted of members who were well versed with the intricate workings of the airline industry (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). Their Hunter Strategy was devised with the consultancy services provided by McKinsey Co, a US based company, which did not have the adequate knowledge of the European Airline industry (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). There was a restructuring of the board and all members who recognized the threats to Swiss Air were removed (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). The shortcomings and mistakes made by the board can be analyzed by the Resource Dependence theory, which illustrates how the external resources in the industry affected their decisions (Casciaro and Piskorski, 2005). The Resource Dependence theory and Group Conformity theory explain how the board pulled out of a potential alliance with a large European carrier due to their hesitance over the degree of control they would have (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). This illustrates the inexperience and lack of knowledge within the newly structured board, especially how the members allowed the Hunter Strategy to be implemented because they did not want any di sruptive behavior within the board (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). Swiss Air should have strictly followed the critical success factors for a successful strategic alliance so that they could focus on all aspects of the alliance instead of focusing on their scope of control (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). The best solution to prevent such problems from recurring would be to alter the laws and regulations within the EFTA to ensure no other company follows in the footsteps on Swiss Air. Legislative changes to corporate governance requirements should be made to ensure that the members of the board of an airline are experienced and have adequate knowledge of the dynamics of the industry (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). Risk management is an important ability that is required in a company that has huge global exposure such as Swiss air, the ability to foresee and evaluate contingencies are required when it comes to alliances that were formed by Swiss Air. Swiss air could have given higher emphasis to risk management and contingency planning in order to be more efficient and competitive in the market (Lasserre, 2007). As stated above, major reasons of the bankruptcy were external factors, relating to macro-economic issues and an economic slowdown, Successful Contingency planning and evaluation of the economic risks could have averted these issues related to the economic deregulation (Lasserre, 2007). Conclusion Through the years the aviation industry has proven to be volatile and drastically changing, the aviation companies globally have had to adapt to the changes to help them fortify or maintain their position in a market. In the early 1990s the formation of the EEA was a pivotal factor for the liberalization of the laws in several countries within the European region, this proved to be an asset for countries within the region but Switzerland opted not to join the EEA (Knorr and Arndt, 2004). This decision negatively affected its national airline Swiss Air, who then attempted to maintain its position in the market by forming equity based strategic alliances. The company formed these alliances on the basis of the Hunter Strategy, the strategy theoretically poised to give optimistic results but the implementation is always crucial for the success, this is where Swiss Air faltered. The reason for the poor implementation would be largely due to inefficiency of the management team of the compa ny, the management chose scope of control as a priority which led to the negligence of prioritizing the other factors that lead to a successful strategic alliance (Hermann and Rammal, 2010). The company made grave errors and faced the consequences accordingly; to ensure that success is achieved for the company it must include people with experience and knowledge within the management. The company should also consider the possibility of circumstances where contingency planning would be required as there could be many unforeseen risks in the aviation industry. A strategy is only effective if implemented correctly, Swiss Air made crucial mistakes in their decision making process, there was lack of contingency planning and several wrong investments. All these factors contributed largely to the downfall of the once reputed and respected Flying Bank.

Coleus :: essays research papers

Coleus and Terrariums   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coleus is a very beautiful plant that consists of over 150 different species. It is best known for its colorful foliage. Coleus can grow well in any soil above 55 degrees Fahrenheit. The pretty plant can grow in terrariums. Terrariums are â€Å"gardens under glass† which means that they are jars or glass boxes that can be filled with soil and other things that plants need to grow. They don’t have to be watered so once they are finished, all there is to do is to sit and look at the plant. Will coleus grow faster in a large, small, or medium sized terrarium? Coleus blumei   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coleus plants are durable and easy to grow. They are best known for their bright colors and variety of foliage forms. Although they are technically a â€Å"tender perennial† (even the slightest frost will cause them to die), they are most often considered to be an annual plant by growers and seed producers. Coleus plants may be grown in the garden in bright, indirect light, or in partial shade. The lower growing dwarf varieties (six to twelve inches) will create a colorful border, or the taller (three foot) types can be used as a dramatic background plant. Most coleus plants will survive full sun exposure. The foliage color, however, is often enhanced when they are grown in shade. Coleuses are also quite striking when they are planted in a container and grown as a houseplant. By removing the flower spikes as they develop and keeping the plant pinched back, the coleus can be kept in a perennial state for several seasons. Although these plants are members of the nettle family, they are a mint. They do not have the stinging properties of the nettle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A coleus makes a nice houseplant as long as it receives sufficient light and food. The coleus should be planted in a light, quick draining planting soil. It should be placed where it will receive several hours of bright light (south window) each day, or provide artificial â€Å"grow† lighting for best leaf color, and fullest plant. Coleus plants will adapt to a wide range of temperatures above 55 degrees, but will grow best when they are kept between 70 and 85 degrees. The soil should be kept evenly moist, but never soggy. The coleus plants should be fed monthly with a diluted (50% mix) liquid houseplant fertilizer. Flower buds must be pinched off as soon as they develop to prevent the plant from producing seeds. Coleus :: essays research papers Coleus and Terrariums   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coleus is a very beautiful plant that consists of over 150 different species. It is best known for its colorful foliage. Coleus can grow well in any soil above 55 degrees Fahrenheit. The pretty plant can grow in terrariums. Terrariums are â€Å"gardens under glass† which means that they are jars or glass boxes that can be filled with soil and other things that plants need to grow. They don’t have to be watered so once they are finished, all there is to do is to sit and look at the plant. Will coleus grow faster in a large, small, or medium sized terrarium? Coleus blumei   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coleus plants are durable and easy to grow. They are best known for their bright colors and variety of foliage forms. Although they are technically a â€Å"tender perennial† (even the slightest frost will cause them to die), they are most often considered to be an annual plant by growers and seed producers. Coleus plants may be grown in the garden in bright, indirect light, or in partial shade. The lower growing dwarf varieties (six to twelve inches) will create a colorful border, or the taller (three foot) types can be used as a dramatic background plant. Most coleus plants will survive full sun exposure. The foliage color, however, is often enhanced when they are grown in shade. Coleuses are also quite striking when they are planted in a container and grown as a houseplant. By removing the flower spikes as they develop and keeping the plant pinched back, the coleus can be kept in a perennial state for several seasons. Although these plants are members of the nettle family, they are a mint. They do not have the stinging properties of the nettle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A coleus makes a nice houseplant as long as it receives sufficient light and food. The coleus should be planted in a light, quick draining planting soil. It should be placed where it will receive several hours of bright light (south window) each day, or provide artificial â€Å"grow† lighting for best leaf color, and fullest plant. Coleus plants will adapt to a wide range of temperatures above 55 degrees, but will grow best when they are kept between 70 and 85 degrees. The soil should be kept evenly moist, but never soggy. The coleus plants should be fed monthly with a diluted (50% mix) liquid houseplant fertilizer. Flower buds must be pinched off as soon as they develop to prevent the plant from producing seeds.

Bio-Red Blood Cell Journey Essay

My name is Ruby; I am a red blood cell. I am a dazzling ruby red color (hence my name) with a small area of inner pallor and I am very small: only about 6  µm in diameter. I get my red color from a protein chemical called hemoglobin, which is bright red. Hemoglobin not only gives me my beautiful color, it also contains the element iron, which makes it a good vehicle for transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. I have a very important role in the circulatory system of your body. Actually, it is probably the most important of all the blood cells. I carry oxygen to all parts of your body and tissues and I also return carbon dioxide from your tissues to your lungs. So I bet you are wondering how I do this very important role! I enter the blood vessels through the heart’s main artery called the aorta making sure that I am full of oxygen. The forceful contraction of your heart’s left ventricle forces me into your aorta which then branches into many smaller arteries, which run throughout your body. The inside layer of your artery is very smooth, allowing me to flow quickly. The outside layer of your artery is very strong, allowing me to flow forcefully. I enter the capillaries full of oxygen, where the oxygen and nutrients are released. The waste products are collected and the waste-rich blood flows into your veins in order to circulate back to your heart and then allow the exchange of gases in your lungs. I eventually pass through your kidneys, which filter much of the waste from the blood. I also pass through your small intestine. From the small intestine I meet with many of my family and friends that are also blood and we all collect in the portal vein that passes through your liver. Your liver filters sugars from me and stores them for later. As I pass through your lungs, oxygen molecules attach to the hemoglobin and when I pass through your body tissue, the hemoglobin releases the oxygen to the cells. Then the empty hemoglobin molecules bond with the tissue’s carbon dioxide or other waste gases, transporting it away. After being in your lungs I have fresh oxygen and lots of it! I then enter your pulmonary veins and then return to your heart, re-entering through your left atrium. Then I pass through a one-way valve into your left ventricle where I will exit your heart through your main artery, called the aorta. Your left ventricle’s contraction forces the blood into the aorta and the blood begins its journey  throughout the body once again and starts the entire process over again. I eventually pass through your kidneys, which filter much of the waste from the blood. I also pass through your small intestine. From the small intestine I meet with many of my family and friends that are also blood and we all collect in the portal vein that passes through your liver. Your liver filters sugars from me and stores them for later. Over time, I get worn out and eventually die. The average life cycle of a red blood cell like me is 120 – 130 days. Your bones are continually producing new blood cells from the red marrow of them, replenishing your supply. So don’t worry you will always have a red blood cell like me! There are actually over 30 billion red blood cells in your body as we speak! Two million disintegrate every second but don’t you worry because two million are also being created every second to replace the seniors.

Questions Essays

Questions Essays Questions Essay Questions Essay Question 1. You are a recently appointed Sales Manager for a manufacturer of small engines. The company has grown rapidly over recent years, but its profit margins have been declining and this is one of the key issues that you have been hired to address.After three months on the job, you have become aware that the company’s nine salespeople are focused on closing as many deals as possible regardless of whether they provide good solutions for customers. In addition, salespeople are discounting so much that your company’s margins are continuing to decrease. Clearly, your position as Sales Manager may be in trouble if this continues, plus your personal bonus is based upon achieving profit margin objectives.When you have discussed this with the salespeople, they indicate that in the past they have been encouraged to focus on sales volume and not the profitability of deals.Some changes are required otherwise the profitability targets of the organisati on and your personal bonus will not be achieved. What steps do you undertake to resolve the situation and why do you undertake those steps?It is important for the Sales people to be able to have clear goals so that they may correspondingly direct their behaviour towards the achievement of these targets. If they have been accustomed to believing that they will have maximum pay-offs in increasing their sales volume, then they will continue to act as if this strategy will yield them maximum benefit. The first step I will do is to hold a general assembly which will focus on this change of mindset. I will clarify with them that it is profitability and not merely sales volume that will give both them and the whole unit maximum yield. This is consistent with the essence of expectancy theory.Expectancy theory supports the contention that people choose the behaviour they believe will maximize their payoff.   It states that people look at various actions and choose the one they believe is m ost likely to lead to the rewards they want the most. This theory has been tested extensively. It has been found that expectancy theory can do an excellent job of predicting occupational choice and job satisfaction and a moderately good job of predicting effort on the job.   Expectancy theory implies that the anticipation of rewards is important as well as the perceived contingency between the behaviours desired by the organisation and the desired rewards.   The theory also implies that since different people desire different rewards, organisations should try to match rewards with what employees want (Weathersby, 1998). In other words, if the sales people realise that they will have more reward if they focus on profitability, then they will work towards this changed goal. What is important is to be able to effectively clarify what the goal is, why it was changed, and why it is crucial to achieve it.This change in mindset among the sales people may also be perceived as a change i n the vision and its clarification. It is important for me as a Sales Manager to have a clearly defined vision, both on the task and people sides of the business. This speaks of the effectiveness of their leadership, which is both people-oriented than task-oriented. All leaders have the capacity to create a compelling vision, one that takes people to a new place, and the ability to translate that vision into reality. Modern leadership literature frequently characterises the leader as the vision holder, the keeper of the dream, or the person who has a vision of the organisations purpose. If the Sales team is one in achieving a profitability target and they know the specific objectives that they have to hit to contribute to this overall goal, then I would be more confident that the overall goal of the team would be achieved.;Personal vision includes my personal aspirations for the organisation and acts as the impetus for the my actions that will link organisational and future vision. My vision needs to be shared by those who will be involved in its realization. Setting of a profitability target for the sales team is just one manifestation of visionary leadership, where a clear goal is identified – but I also have the responsibility to link this to more strategic organisational thrusts.;Question 2. You are the Sales Manager of an electrical goods distributor whose main customer base is electrical retailers. One of your most successful salespeople struggles to submit the weekly written reports that you require from all of your salespeople. This salesperson never submits the reports on time, you usually have to repeatedly request them and when they are submitted they don’t contain the customer information or sales activity information that you want. This also makes it difficult to keep these customer records up to date in the company’s CRM system and limits the ability of sales support staff to help manage these relationships. The rest of the s alesforce submit these reports, in hard or soft copy, on time and without complaint.What do you do about this issue and why?The first thing I will do as a Sales Manager is to hold a performance discussion with my salesman because of this poor work habit of delayed report submission. During the discussion, I would clearly state why we are holding the session and its importance. I would then allow him to express concerns about why he is always not punctual in churning out his reports. I will try as much as possible to still maintain his self-esteem despite the correction, and also to listen attentively to his concerns. At the end of the session, we should have concurred on the best course of action to be able to resolve the problem. We will then set a work plan, specifying who will do what and by when.The clarity of a goal is important – it needs to be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound. I should ensure that the goal of report submission comply with thes e criteria of well-defined goals / objectives. Moreover, I should also be able to show the linkage of this positive behaviour of goal submission to reward. If no such linkage is made, the salesman may not be motivated in attaining the goal set out for him. According to goals setting theories, employees set goals and those organisations can influence work behaviour by influencing these goals.   The major concepts in the theory are intentions, performance standards, goal acceptance, and the effort expended.   These concepts are assumed to be the motivation.   Participation in goal setting should increase commitment and acceptance.   Individual goal setting should be more effective than group goals because it is the impact of goals on intentions that is important.   In goal-setting theory the crucial factor is the goal.   Tests of the theory show that using goals leads to higher performance than situations without goals, and that difficult goals lead to better performance t han easy ones (Maczynski ; Koopman, 2000).   Although participation in goal setting may increase satisfaction, it does not always lead to higher performance.Second, I will also ensure that continuous monitoring and feedback transpires after we hold the performance discussion. I will coach him further if necessary until he is able to correct his poor work habit. A feedback system can be a form of reinforcement system and a motivational factor for management in promoting positive behaviour among employees. Following Skinner’s reinforcement theory, I can use the feedback system as a form of motivational lever in shaping my salesman’s behaviour and in helping him aim for higher goals. I can also provide incentives for positive behaviour.;It is important to provide feedback to the salesman to assess his or her strengths and weaknesses so that further training can be implemented. Although this feedback and training should be an ongoing process, the semi-annual evaluation m ight be the best time to formally discuss his performance, but performance coaching sessions across the performance period is encouraged.;Question 4. If you pay a sales person enough money you will have a well motivated sales person. Do you agree? Explain your reasons.While pay is an important consideration for most workers, there are more important considerations that affect an employees’ intention to stay with the organisation and to work optimally. My salesmen’s   intrinsic motivation will cause them to exhibit organisational commitment even as he realizes that the pay offered by the company is not necessarily the most competitive.   While this is the case, tt is important to ensure that their pay is equitable – while it is not the highest in the industry – since this is intricately related to the my salesmen’s sense of job satisfaction.I should also ensure that the rewards given to my sales people are equitably given. Equity theory suggests that motivated behaviour is a form of exchange in which individuals employ an internal balance sheet in determining what to do.   It predicts that people will choose the alternative they perceive as fair.   In other words, my sales people should find that those who contributed more to goal attainment are also rewarded as much. That is, reward is a function of performance or merit.I realise that motivating workers well in these times of change demands a balanced combination of emotional and intellectual levers. Any manager should learn to use and combine as many needs, factors, modes of reinforcement, and outputs into their message as may be necessary to motivate their employees (Legge, 2005). As Sales Manager, I can become a good motivator by knowing two things well: first, which tool or level of motivation will work for each and every employee, and second, how to motivate and communicate effectively with the use of positive reinforcement. On the part of my company, management practices which can serve as effective reinforcers include self-esteem work shops, flexible work arrangements, customized benefits packages, individual and team performance-based reward systems, among others. Each employee is different thus their motivating factors vary from one and other. My task should be to locate motivational factors of each individual or group in order to develop a motivational environment. This will assist the me in creating a better working environment enhancing productivity and job satisfaction.;Leaders and managers like myself are the ones that provide motivation and vision to any organisational undertaking. I should posses the capabilities, abilities, and skills of a leader in order to create a motivating, working environment. Only in having such effective and motivational leadership can the organisation be assured of a healthy, sustainable, and committed workforce.Word Count: 402ReferencesLegge, K. (2005). Human resource management: Rhetorics and realitie s. Anniversary edition. Basingstoke: MacMillan.Maczynski, J. ; Koopman, P. (2000). Culture and leadership profiles in Europe: Some results from the GLOBE study. In Koslowsky, M. ; Stashevsky, S. (eds.), Work values and organisational behaviour toward the new millennium. London: Macmillan.Weathersby, G. B. (1998). Leadership at every level. Management Review, 87(6), 5.

Grammatical gender Essay Example

Grammatical gender Essay Example Grammatical gender Essay Grammatical gender Essay An analysis of cohesive devices in reading texts in English 11 / Hoang Tra My PART 1: I TRODUCTIO 1. Rationale Among all skills which students need to master in English, reading is considered to be very important because it helps students to get materials for other skills. To learn reading well, it is necessary for students to comprehend sufficient language base, one of which is the cohesion in the text. Because of the importance of cohesion in comprehending a text, this small study on discourse analysis of cohesive devices is decided to be carried out. . Aims of the Study: The study aims: to describe and analyze lexical and grammatical cohesive devices in the new English textbook 11; to give some suggestions for teaching reading skill for 11th grade students. In order to achieve the aims stated, the study is meant to find out the answers to the two following research questions: 1. What are the grammatical and lexical cohesive devices used in reading texts in English textbook 11? 2 . How can the findings help English teachers and 11th grade students to improve reading skill? 3.Scope of the Study Because of the lack of time and the paper size, it is unable for all the issues of discourse to be analyzed. The study focuses on the grammatical and lexical cohesive devices in reading texts in the new English textbook 11. 4. Significance of the Study The study contributes to verifying the correctness and significance related to linguistic theories in discourse analysis by analyzing discourse in one specific textbook. In addition, the practical significance of the study is to help 11th grade students and teachers in reading skill by applying the knowledge of cohesion. 5.Methods of the Study: descriptive, statistical and analytical methods 6. Design of the Study The minor thesis consists of three parts: 2 Part 1 is The Introduction Part 2 is The Development which is divided into three chapters: Literature Review, Methodology and Major Findings and Discussions Part 3 is The Conclusion 3 PART 2: DEVELOPME T CHAPTER 1: LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Discourse and Discourse Analysis 1. 1. The Concept of Discourse Discourse is defined in various ways by different scholars and authors, however, the definition given by Halliday and Hasan (1976) is regarded as the simplest and the clearest to follow.Halliday and Hasan (1976: 38) state that discourse is language that is functional. It means that discourse is â€Å"language in use†. 1. 2. Text and Discourse In the view of Halliday and Hasan (1976: 23), â€Å"text† is employed to refer to â€Å"discourse†; they see â€Å"text† as a â€Å"semantic unit† characterized by cohesion. Sharing the same ideas, Brown Yule (1983) support that text is the representation of discourse and the verbal record of a communicative act. In other words, they all view the notion of text is the representation of discourse, text is the form of discourse and they have a close relationship. 1. 3.Spoken a nd Written Discourse Spoken and written language can be also distinguished by different functions. According to Brown and Yule (1983: 13), the function of spoken language is mainly to establish and maintain human relationship whereas written language has functions to store information from time and space and to permit words and sentences to be examined out of their original contexts. 1. 4. Discourse Analysis In the view of Brown and Yule (1983: viii), discourse analysis is concerned with a broad range of activities including many disciplines from sociolinguistics, philosophical linguistics to computational linguistics.To be clearer, Brown and Yule (1983: 1) write, â€Å"the analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use. As such, it cannot be restricted to the description of linguistic forms independent of the purposes of functions which these forms are designed to serve human affairs†. 1. 5. Context in Discourse Analysis According to Nunan, D (1993: 7 ), context is the situation in which discourse is embedded. Context may be understood as all factors and elements that are non-linguistic and textual which affect spoken or written communication interaction..However, in the view of Malinowski (1923) and Halliday M. A. K (1985: 52) context is divided as â€Å"context of situation† and â€Å"context of culture†. 4 1. 6. Register and Genre in Discourse Analysis According to Halliday and Hasan (1976: 41), register is language variety according to use. Register is featured by â€Å"field†, â€Å"tenor† and â€Å"mode†. The concept of genre is defined in terms of culture context. Eggins (1994: 32) defines genre as follow: Genre, or context of culture, can be seen as more abstract, more general – we can recognize a particular genre if we are not sure exactly what the situational context is.Genre, then, can be thought of as the general framework that gives purpose to interactions of particular types , adaptable to the many specific contexts of situation that they get used in. 2. Cohesion 2. 1. The Concept of Cohesion Cohesion is defined in the relation with text. It is concerned with the grammatical and lexical relationship among different factors in a text. 2. 2. Cohesion vs. Coherence Cohesion is a formal network which connects or links many parts of a text together by grammar or words. Meanwhile, coherence is the connections which bring interpretation of linguistic messages. 2. 3. Aspects of Cohesion 2. 3. 1.Topical Cohesion Topic is concerned with the description of sentence structure which contains the topic or theme and the comment or rheme. 2. 3. 2. Logical Cohesion Hoa, N (2000: 28) indicates that â€Å"logical cohesive devices are also powerful sentence connectors. They demonstrate the logical relationships holding between sentences, thus creating or expressing cohesion. † Cohesive devices can be divided into some types as: And, Enumeration, Addition, Transition , Summation, Apposition, Result, Inference, Reformulation or replacement, Contrast, Concession, and Comparison. 2. 4. Types of Cohesion 2. 4. 1. Grammatical Cohesion 2. . 1. 1. Reference In the view of Halliday and Hasan (1976: 32), reference is a semantic relation and â€Å"since the relationship is on the semantic level, the reference item is in no way constrain to match the grammatical class of the item it refers to†. The two scholars also distinguish reference into 5 three types: anaphoric, cataphoric and exophoric. Reference items in English include three types: personal reference, demonstrative reference and comparative reference. 2. 4. 1. 2. Substitution Halliday and Hasan (1976: 89) divides substitution into three main types namely: nominal, verbal and clausal substitution. . 4. 1. 3. Ellipsis In Halliday and Hasan’s point of view (1976: 142), ellipsis is â€Å"the omission of certain elements from a sentence, allowed by context† 2. 4. 1. 4. Conjunction Halliday and Hasan (1976: 242-243) divide conjunction into four types including additive, adversative, casual and temporal. 2. 4. 2. Lexical cohesion 2. 4. 2. 1. Reiteration Reiteration is regarded as a significant feature of textuality. Reiteration can be divided into five subtypes, namely repetition, synonym or near-synonym, super-ordinate and general words. 2. 4. 2. 2.Collocation According to Halliday and Hassan (1976) â€Å"word combination† or â€Å"word co-occurrence† is known as collocation which brings a particular sense or meaning. Collocation has two subtypes: grammatical collocation and lexical collocation. The first one usually contains a lexical content word and a grammar function word. There are four main types of grammatical collocation: V + Prep, Adj + Prep, + Prep, Prep + . The second one is restricted by word pairs. Lexical collocation do not contain preposition but consist of various combinations of nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs.They can be se en in following common patterns: Adj + V, Adv + Adj, + . , Quant + ,V+ , + V, V + Adv, V + Adj, V + 6 CHAPTER 2: METHODOLOGY 1. An Overview of the English Textbook 11 1. 1. The Role of the English Textbook in English Language Teaching English textbooks give primary supplements to teachers to plan their lessons appropriately and perfectively. 1. 2. Description of the English Textbook 11 English 11, including sixteen units for two semesters, follows the theme-based approach and is developed on six broad themes, that is, You and me, Education, Community, ature and Environment, Recreation and People and Places.Each theme, in its turn, is broken into subthemes or topics which are used as titles for sixteen units in English 11. 2. Research Methodology 2. 1. Materials for Analysis All materials used for analyzing in this study are extracted from sixteen reading texts in English 11. 2. 2. Methods of the Study This study aims at investigating the frequency of the use of cohesive devices in r eading texts in English 11 to obtain the data for the study, some steps below are followed. Steps 1: Determine the Research Topic Step 2: Determine and Define the Research Questions Step 3: Build the framework for he study Step 4: Collect the Data Step 5: Analyze the Data Step 6: Give Conclusions and Suggestions for 11th Grade Students in Learning Reading 2. 3. Data Collection Procedures After deciding on the research topic, research questions and building the study framework, the researcher has taken time to collect the data. The methods of descriptive and statistical have been used to gather the data. 2. 4. Data Analysis Procedures Analytical method has been restored to when dealing with data. 7 CHAPTER 3: MAJOR FI DI GS A D DISCUSSIO 1. Grammatical Cohesion 1. . Reference Reference Anaphoric Cataphoric Exophoric umber of items 422 53 120 Percentage 70. 9 8. 9 20. 2 Total 595 Table 1: The percentage of different types of reference 1. 1. 1. Anaphoric Reference The total pattern of markers takes up 241 items. All seven patterns of markers appearing in anaphoric reference are definite article, personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun, comparative adverb, comparative adjective and demonstrative adverb. The table below shows the data of seven patterns in 16 reading passages in the English 11.Anaphoric reference Definite article Personal pronoun Demonstrative pronoun Comparative adjective Personal determiner Comparative adverb Demonstrative adverb umber of items 126 171 27 7 86 5 0 % 29. 9 40. 5 6. 4 1. 7 20. 4 1. 2 0. 0 422 Total Table 2: The percentage of different types of reference words for anaphoric ties 1. 1. 2. Cataphoric Reference Cataphoric reference Definite article Personal pronoun Demonstrative pronoun Comparative adjective Personal determiner Comparative adverb Demonstrative adverb umber of items 35 4 4 3 1 3 3 % 66 7. 5 7. 5 5. 7 1. 9 5. 7 5. Total 53 Table 3: The percentage of different types of reference words for cataphoric ties 8 Cataphoric refer ence accounts for the smallest part of reference, however, it is vital to vary the direction of reference and create the cohesion of the text. Surprisingly, the definite article takes up the largest ties with 35 ties accounting for 66%. . 1. 1. 3. Exophoric Reference Exophoric reference Definite article Personal pronouns Demonstrative pronouns Comparative adjective Personal determiner Comparative adverb Demonstrative adverb umber of items 92 14 1 7 5 0 1 % 76. 7 11. 0. 8 5. 8 4. 2 0. 0 0. 8 Total 120 Table 4: The percentage of different types of reference words for exophoric ties Exophoric reference refers to objects or events which are out of language and it can be understood by all people without relation to the meaning of the text. For this reason, it does not have much value in connecting the text together. 1. 2. Substitution Type of substitution Nominal Verbal Clausal umber of items 15 0 1 % 93. 8 0. 0 6. 2 Total 16 Table 5: The percentage of substitution in English 11 Substitu tion occupies a very low frequency of occurrence.There are only 16 ties of substitution in 16 reading texts. Surprisingly, nominal substitution takes up 15 ties, representing for 93. 8% of total. 1. 3. Ellipsis Sixteen reading passages in English 11 consist of 29 ellipsis items including all three classes namely nominal, verbal and clausal, which are presented in the table below: Type of ellipsis Nominal Verbal Clausal umber of items 18 6 5 % 62. 1 20. 7 17. 2 Total 29 Table 6: The percentage of ellipsis in English 11 9 Firstly, in sixteen reading texts, nominal ellipsis occupies the largest percentage with eighteen items, representing for 62. %. Secondly, verbal ellipsis takes up only six items, accounting for 20. 7%. These six items occur in four units: 5, 6, 7 and 16. Lastly, clausal ellipsis accounts for the smallest number with five items for 17. 2%. Five elliptical items appear in unit 1, 2 and 3. 1. 4. Conjunction Type of conjunction Additive Temporal Causal Adversative umber of items 183 66 13 27 % 63. 3 22. 8 4. 5 9. 4 Total 289 Table 7: The percentage of conjunction in English 11 At the first look, it can be seen that additive conjunction occupies the biggest percentage of the total.Additive conjunction takes up 183 items, accounting for 63. 3%. Temporal conjunction, which is used in rather high percentage, comes second with 66 items, accounting for 22. 8% of total. Adversative conjunction comes third with 27 items, representing for 9. 4%. Causal conjunction presents the lowest frequency of use with only 13 items, representing for 4. 5%. Causal conjunction stands at the lowest rank of conjunction with only 4. 5%. 2. Lexical Cohesion 2. 1. Reiteration Reiteration Repetition Synonym/ near-synonym Super-ordinate General word umber of items 709 111 188 27 Percentage 68. 10. 7 18. 2 2. 6 Total 1035 Table 8: The percentage of reiteration in English 11 As shown in the table, among the four types of reiteration, repetition is the most frequentlyused device w ith the percentage of up to 68. 5%. Super-ordinate ranking second takes up 18. 2%. Synonyms or near-synonym comes third with 10. 7%. General word accounts for the smallest portion of total with only 2. 6%. 2. 2. Collocation Collocation is divided into two types: grammatical and lexical collocation. Basing on the statistics from the analysis, the total of collocation patterns in sixteen reading passages in 0 English textbook 11 are 421 ties. Lexical collocation takes up 361 items, accounting for 85. 7% while grammatical collocation occupies only 60 items, representing for 14. 3%. 2. 2. 1. Lexical Collocation There are 361 lexical cohesion items used in sixteen reading passages in English 11, equivalent to 85. 7%. Lexical collocation can be analyzed basing on the data illustrated in the table below: Types of collocation Adj + N V+N N+N Quant + N V + Adj Adv + Adj V + Adv V+V N+V umber of items 121 91 74 48 8 2 7 1 9 % 33. 5 25. 2 20. 5 13. 3 2. 2 0. 6 1. 0. 3 2. 5 Total 361 Table 9: T he percentage of lexical collocation in English 11 2. 2. 2. Grammatical Collocation Grammatical collocation often consists of a lexical content word and a grammar function word. An overall picture of lexical collocation can be seen as follow: Types of collocation V + Prep Prep + N Adj + Prep N + Prep umber of items 33 10 15 2 % 55 16. 7 25 3. 3 60 Total Table 10: The percentage of grammatical collocation in English 11 3. Summary According to statistics above, the gap between grammatical and lexical cohesion is very big.While grammatical cohesion makes up 39%, lexical cohesion occupies 61%. The imbalance between grammatical and lexical cohesion is due to the ways of word combination. 11 PART 3: CO CLUSIO S 1. Conclusions Basing on all the statistics and analyses on the grammatical and lexical cohesive devices in sixteen reading passages above, the researcher comes to conclusions as follows: Firstly, these texts are highly cohesive. This can be proved by the number of cohesive ties us ed in 16 reading texts.The total number of cohesion ties used in sixteen passages is 2385, so in a text, there are about 150 cohesion ties, accounting for a half of it in terms of word count. Secondly, the use of cohesion in one text is different from others. Thirdly, the use of lexical cohesive devices is much more than grammatical cohesive devices in sixteen reading passages. Fourthly, with respect to grammatical cohesive devices, reference, conjunction, substitution and ellipsis are seen in their most common features. In terms of reference, it accounts for the highest rate in all sixteen reading passages.In terms of conjunction, its use in sixteen reading passages is special because in each text, some typical types of conjunction are employed. In terms of substitution and ellipsis, they present for a very small percentage, this proves the simplicity of sixteen reading texts because the high frequent use of substitution and ellipsis can make the texts more difficult and complicate d to understand and without the knowledge of substitution and ellipsis, students may misunderstand and misinterpret the text. Fifthly, with respect to lexical cohesion, reiteration and collocation are seen in their most popular features.In terms of reiteration, repetition seems to be overused while a very small percentage of synonym/ near-synonym, antonym, super-ordinate and general word are employed in these sixteen reading texts. In terms of collocation, lexical collocation occupies more percentage than grammatical collocation because of different ways of combination. 2. Suggestions 2. 1. Suggestions for English Teachers and Learners English teachers should provide students with knowledge of cohesion which is considered to be an effective means to help them in reading skill.Furthermore, English teachers are suggested to raise students’ awareness of the importance of cohesive devices. English teachers can also take advantage of cohesion in teaching vocabulary. Finally, whene ver students do the exercises related to cohesion knowledge, teachers should remind them. By this way, students can apply cohesion in dealing with the exercises of the same types. Basing on the statistics given above, some significant features of reading texts in English 11 are drawn out and some suggestions for 11th grade students are proposed.Firstly, reference is used in a very high rate in these reading passages, and anaphoric should be paid more 12 attention because of its value in connecting texts together. Secondly, substitution and ellipsis are used in small percentages in these reading texts. In terms of substitution, teachers had better remind students when dealing with unit 4 and unit 13. Because ellipsis occurs many times in four units: unit 1, 5, 6 and 7, students are advised to think about them when learning these units. Thirdly, conjunction is used to organize the structure of the reading passages.In reading process, 11th grade students should consider the ways the te xts are written in. For example, in unit 1 and 7 all the ideas are constructed by listing. Lastly, in reiteration cohesion, synonym or near-synonym is regarded as the most important issue to 11th grade students. English teachers can apply synonym and super-ordinate to teach new words. 2. 2. Suggested Cohesion Exercises for English Teachers and Learners Cohesive devices can be seen in various forms of reading exercises or reading tasks. Two most significant forms of reading tasks for cohesion are gap-filling and true-false.Besides gap-filling and true – false exercises, there are also various forms of exercises. The first one is multiple-choice. Secondly, finding equivalents exercises are also employed to treat with synonym and antonym words. The last one is matching exercise, which designed to solve with vocabulary. 3. Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies Firstly, because there is no content-focus in these reading texts, the results of this research can not actuall y show the most typical features of the reading texts as a whole, but in themes or in units only.Secondly, due to the limitation of the paper size, on discussing each type of cohesion, only some examples from one or two units are proposed. Lastly, applications of cohesion in other skills such as speaking, listening, writing have not been stated. Due to the constraint in time, all the issues of the related to the study cannot be covered. I do hope to develop this topic with a larger range of topic as follow: The study of grammatical cohesive devices in English 10, 11 and 12. The study of lexical cohesive devices in English 10, 11 and 12. The study of cohesive devices in reading texts in English 10, 11 and 12.

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