The Relationship Between Alexander and the Great General Hephaestion Essay Example for Free

The Relationship Between Alexander and the Great General Hephaestion Essay Alexander III of Macedon, or better known as Alexander the Great was king of Macedon, a state in northern Ancient Greece. He was born in Pella in 356 B. C. and was tutored by Aristotle until the age of 16. By the age of 30, he had created one of the largest empires of the ancient world, stretching from the Ionian Sea to the Himalayas. He was undefeated in battle and is considered one of history’s most successful commanders. Alexander was an outgoing charismatic man, who had many friends, but his dearest and closest friend and confidant was Hephaestion. Hephaestion, son of Amyntor, was a Macedonian nobleman and a general in the army of Alexander the Great. He was born in Macedonia in 356 B. C. He was a member of Alexander the Great’s personal bodyguard, which then he went on to command the Companion cavalry, and was entrusted with many other tasks through Alexander’s ten-year campaign in Asia. Apart from being a soldier, engineer and diplomat, he corresponded with the philosophers Aristotle and Xenocrates, and supported Alexander in his attempts to integrate Greeks and Persians. Their relationship lasted through Alexander’s becoming of king, through the hardships of campaigning and the flatteries of court life, and their marriages. In all that Alexander undertook, Hephaestion was at his side making their friendship a working partnership. They worked well together making Alexander trust him and rely on him. When Alexander had to divide his forces he trusted Hephaestion with half of his men knowing that in him he had a man of unquestionable loyalty, who understood and sympathised with his aims, and above all, who got the job done. Hephaestion played a full part in Alexander’s regular consultations with senior officers, but he was also the one whom Alexander would talk to in private, sharing his thoughts, hopes and plans. Curtius states that Hephaestion was the sharer of all his secrets. At Alexander’s first wedding Hephaestion was the torch bearer (best man). This showed not only their friendship but also Hephaestion’s support for Alexander’s policies, as Alexander’s choice of an Asian bride had not been a popular one. When they returned to Persia Hephaestion was officially titled Alexander’s second in command. Hammond sums up their public relationship well: â€Å"It is not surprising that Alexander was as closely attached to Hephaestion as Achilles was to Patroclus†, and â€Å"At the time of his death Hephaestion held the highest single command, that of the Companion Cavalry; and had been repeatedly second in command to Alexander in the hierarchy of the Asian court, holding the title of Chiliarch, which had been held by Nabarzans under Darius. Thus Alexander honoured Hephaestion both as the closest of his friends and the most distinguished of his Field Marshals. It has been said that as well as being close friends Alexander and Hephaestion were also lovers. It cannot be proved that they were lovers as none of the ancient sources states this in so many words. However, Arrian describes the occasion when Alexander and Hephaestion publicly identified themselves with Achilles and Patroclus, who were acknowledged, by Plato and Aeschylus among others, to have been lovers. It happened at t he begging of the campaign in Asia when Alexander led a contingent of the army to visit Troy. He laid a wreath on the tomb of Achilles, and Hephaestion laid a wreath on the tomb of Patroclus, and they ran a race, naked, to honour their dead heroes. Robin Lane Fox, writing in 1973, says: â€Å"It was a remarkable tribute, uniquely paid, and it is also Hephaestion’s first mention in Alexander’s career. Already the two were intimate, Patroclus and Achilles even to those around them; the comparison would remain to the end of their days and is proof of their life as lovers, for by Alexander’s time, Achilles and Patroclus were agreed to have enjoyed the relationship which Homer had never directly mentioned. Nothing shows better the nature and length of their relationship than Alexander’s overwhelming grief at Hephaestion’s death. As Andrew Chugg says, â€Å"†¦ it is surely incredible that Alexander’s reaction to Hephaestion’s death could indicate anything other than the closest relationship imaginable. † Arrian says that Alexander â€Å"†¦ flung himself on the body of his friend and lay there nearly all day long in tears, and refused to be parted from him until he was dragged away by force of his companions. Arrian also said that Alexander, after Hephaestion’s death, described him as â€Å"†¦ the friend I valued as my own life. † In conclusion Alexander and Hephaestion’s relationship was extremely close. They may or may not have been lovers but the friendship they shared was one of a kind. Their tutor, Aristotle, described such a friendship as â€Å"†¦ one soul abiding in two bodies†. Paul Cartledge describes their closeness when he says: â€Å"Alexander seems actually to have referred to Hephaestion as his alter ego. † They truly were soul mates and had one of the strongest relationships in history.

Deceptive Advertising Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Ads Essays

Deceptive Advertising As a consumer in a world of constant advertising messages being flashed before my eyes, I am always wary of the truth of those messages that I see. It is terrible when consumers see an advertisement, whether it is in a magazine, television or any other medium, and they decide to make a purchase only to find out they are not getting what they originally planned or have to pay more than they had expected. Deceptive advertisements have been a problem since the early days of media and consumers have needed to keep an eye out for them. Yet, with so many advertisements that consumers are exposed to each day, worrying about the truth of every line and every sentence of an ad is quite inconvenient. Advertisers must follow strict guidelines to stay clear of lawsuits resulting from deceptive advertisements. I will be focusing on automobile advertisements and how consumers have been deceived through their ads.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deceptive advertising can be described as "advertising which is misleading in a material aspect.'; (Simon 256) This definition would include all the false and misleading advertisements that would appear in print, television, radio, outdoor and direct mailings. As well as more non-traditional forms of advertising like transportation ads along with the use of pictures, trade names, display materials, labels, sales talks, sales letters, price lists and catalogs. As any consumer can see, advertisers have many means by which they can "trick'; or deceive us consumers into buying products not planned for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Unlike most tort cases that are decided in the courtroom by a judge, most deceptive advertisement claims are turned over to governmental agencies like the Federal Trade Commission. Agencies like the FTC are better suited to handle these cases because they have the necessary expertise to make proper decisions. So before an ad can be deemed deceptive, a complaint must be made to the FTC. From then an investigation can be made into the falseness and deceptiveness of the advertisement. The FTC tests to see the reaction from other consumers as to how misleading the ad is. These tests are done in the atmosphere and under the same circumstances as the actual consumer would be in. The test is based on the casual reaction of the consumer and the impression that they received from the ad. This public view of the "ordinary and truste... ...at the consumers should have understood it. This settlement will help consumers feel more comfortable when they go through the leasing process. Hopefully, consumers won't have to worry about deceptive advertisements because advertising agencies and automobile companies will have to clearly state all the costs and conditions in a clear manner.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One day I plan on purchasing a new car and it is very likely that I will lease it. This settlement between Grey Advertising and the Federal Trade Commission will put some ease to the consumer because they know that the advertisements should be truthful and they should contain all of the information necessary to make an informed decision. It will still be necessary for the consumer to read through ads completely and carefully, not relying solely on the large, bold copy of the ad. Print ads, especially automobile ads, try to be visually pleasing to the eye but there is a need for the "negative'; information to be displayed. As a general rule to the consumer, always be as informed as possible before making a purchasing decisions. Buyers beware. Works Cited Page FTC DRIVES TO END THE BLUR IN CAR LEASING ADS, (August 28, 1998)

Fear

Fear is one of the leading reasons that influence people’s decision making in life. The dictionary defines fear as, â€Å"A feeling of agitation and anxiety caused by the presence or imminence of danger†. This feeling, present in everyone’s life at some point, is more influential than one might think. Everywhere in the world today people live in fear, whether it is terrorism, robbery or something as simple as criticism, this feeling of fear causes people to do unusual things.In Arthur Miller’s play, The Crucible, fear changes people’s reaction to events, affects a group of people differently from an individual, and controls the rumor â€Å"bin† that goes around their society. In The Crucible, fear was a weapon that was used by people to control and manipulate the citizen’s minds. People in this play had only one thing that they were afraid of: shame brought to their family’s name and punishment from a ruling authority, in this c ase court. For example, Reverend Parris, father of Betty, was holding back of telling the town citizens what was going on with his sick daughter.Parris feared how the citizens would react and take him down from the pedestal he stood on since witchcraft was still a possibility for his daughter’s obscure sickness. He could of told the people what was going on but, with fear, chose to change his reaction and not report it which came back to bite him in the rear. Fear, weather you disagree or not, affect a group of people differently from an individual. By doing so it makes people say things that are not true. When someone is told to confess or they will get hang or whipped to death, their fear of death pushes them to do whatever they can to avoid this consequence.As Elizabeth, Tituba, and Betty were into trouble from their superiors, they started lying by blurting out, â€Å"I saw Goody Hawkins with the Devil! †, â€Å"I saw Goody Bibber with the Devil! †, and â₠¬Å"I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil†, and putting those people’s lives in danger without them committing a sin. When a society’s heart and mind is filled with fear, gossip and rumors start flying through about one another and cause people to turn upon each other. In The Crucible, reverend Hale goes visits the Proctor family and informs them about the rumors and how Elizabeth Proctor’s name came up about witchcraft.Both reverend Hale and John Proctor were afraid to tell the courts people that all the gossip and rumors they heard was a hoax. They feared that for Elizabeth’s sake, they were going to get in trouble for letting out the thoughts on their minds and in the case the truth. Agree or disagree, fear is in everyday life and people can agree it’s happened to them one point in their lives. In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, it happened to everybody and it gave citizens fear and changed people’s reaction to events, affected grou ps of people differently from an individual, and controlled the rumor â€Å"bin† that went around their society

Analysis Of The Movie The Shawshank Redemption

The Shawshank Redemption, a twenty year old movie, is an accurate representation of corruption within the walls of a prison. Justice seems to fail to exist within the walls of Shawshank, where corruption is the norm. The system is exploited for the gain of all of the major characters in the film, although it does not work in the favor of all of the characters. In the movie, corruption plays a large role in the lives of four characters; Andy, Hadley, Tommy, and the warden. Today, the focus of the prison system is rehabilitation and reintegration into society. In the Shawshank Redemption this could not have been less true. The prison in the movie serves simply as housing for inmates, not offering any help with skills needed outside of prison. A clear example of this is when Brooks is released from Shawshank and finds himself completely unprepared for the world. Sadly this ends with Brooks committing suicide shortly after his release. Before killing himself, Brooks considers ways in whi ch he could end up back in prison because prison is all he has known for fifty years. In prison he was considered important because he was a librarian but on the outside, Brooks is just another insignificant person. While one would expect for the prison guards to uphold the law to the highest degree, this is not the case in Shawshank. Ironically, the guards in the prison break the law by abusing the prisoners, using the skills of the prisoners for their own financial gain, and with theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie The Shawshank Redemption 856 Words   |  4 Pages To be honest, I have seen â€Å"The Shawshank Redemption† but it has been a while so figured that I ll watch again this 1994 classic. The movie time line takes place between 1947-1967 in Maine that follow the life of former vice-president banker Andy Dufrasne. Innocent in the double murder of his wife and her lover, he is sentenced to life imprisonment to Shawshank State Penitentiary. Although quiet at fir st and abused by some prisoners, he opened up to fellow prisoners Red the contraband smuggler.Read MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Shawshank Redemption 1835 Words   |  8 PagesKody Mullen Shawshank Miss. Criswell May 3rd, 2017 â€Å"It all comes to a choice, either get busy livin’, or get busy dyin’†, that’s the message I find to be the focus of this story. The Shawshank Redemption is a film about a young man, Andy Dufresne, who was wrongly convicted of the murder of his wife and her lover and has been sentenced to two life terms in the harsh and corrupt Shawshank prison. The director influenced the viewers to think about an idea of Hope, through the characters of Brooks HatlinRead MoreShaw Shank Redemption1162 Words   |  5 PagesA Critique of the Shaw shank Redemption Evil spreads around the world. 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Thus, I have not had the privilege to enjoy The Shawshank Redemption, Frank Darabont’sRead MoreSS1611 leelokyiu Essays1056 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿SS1611 Movies and Psychology Story Book Movie Titleï ¼Å¡The Shawshank Redemption Student Nameï ¼Å¡Lee Lok Yiu Student Numberï ¼Å¡53057085 Teacher Name ï ¼Å¡Dr. Andus Wong Summary of the movie The story begins with a young and successful banker Andy Dufresne whose life changes dramatically when he is convicted of the murderer of his wife and her secret lover. Therefore, Andy is sent to Shawshank Prison to be permanently sentenced despite his claims of innocence. During time in prison, Andy buildsRead MoreThe Shawshank Redemption3009 Words   |  13 PagesThe Shawshank Redemption ENG 225 Sarah Carson May 7, 2012 The Shawshank Redemption The Shawshank Redemption (1994) was a remarkable motion picture inspired by Stephen King and Directed by Frank Darabont. It was not a big budget movie with a lot of special effects rather it was a story about two convicts Ellis Boyd Red Redding (Morgan Freeman), Andy Dufresne (Tim Robbins), and Samuel Norton (Bob Gunton), the self-righteous, Bible-carrying Warden (Filmsite, 2012) that vowed they’d neverRead MoreAnalyzing the Shawshank Redemption3132 Words   |  13 PagesAnalyzing Shawshank Redemption Crystal Gayle Frapp January 31, 2014 Analyzing Shawshank Redemption The film that will be analyzed and discussed is the Shawshank Redemption, which was Director by Frank Darabont and is a Story by Stephen King. It is based in 1946, a man named Andy Dufresne (Tim Robbins) is convicted of killing his wife and her lover, and him going to prison and dealing with the struggles of prison life as a truly innocent man. . â€Å"Hes sentenced to a life term at the Shawshank StateRead MoreShawshank Redemption Is The Story Of A Friendship Unfolding Over Thirty Years.1058 Words   |  5 PagesCrime and Redemption in Shawshank Shawshank Redemption is the story of a friendship unfolding over thirty years. It is the story of the value and potential of a person, and how anyone can find the courage to keep fighting during hard times. One of the main characters, Andy Dufresne faces insurmountable odds, while still holding onto hope. Red is the narrator of the story and Andy’s closest friend. By following their stories, we can examine their lives inside the criminal justice system. 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